Spr is a physical phenomenon of total intemal reflection ( tir ) of light at the interface between two media when a light beam propagates across such an interface from higher refractive index media to the lower . spr is sensitive to the refractive index of the surface medium . the physical characteristic of spr has been applied to chemo / biosensing in the chemistry and biology Spr原本是一种物理光学现象，由沿着金属和介质界面传播的电磁波所激发而形成的，它对于附着在金属表面的介质的折射率非常敏感，化学与生物学上利用spr的这个物理特性来进行传感分析。
The investigation of nonlinear optics not only include the finding of nonlinear phenomena effects , the study of their mechanism and rules , the development of new nonlinear optical technology and the finding of new materials , but also include applications of nonlinear optical effects and techniques in every related field 非线性光学的主要研究不但在于非线性光学现象与效应的发现及它们产生的机理和规律性的研究、非线性光学新技术的发展和新材料的发现，而且注重非线性光学效应与技术在各有关领域中的应用。
In 1987 , a remarkable step was made by yablonovitch , who pointed out the possibility of the realization of photonic bandgaps , localized defect modes , and their applications to various optoelectronic devices , and by john who dicussed the strong localization of electromagnetic waves in disordered photonic crystals and also predicted many interesting quantum optical phenomena that can be realized in photonic crystals such as the bound state of photons and non - exponential decay of spontaneous emission 1987年yablonovitch和john开创性地提出光子晶体这一新概念， yablonovitch指出了有可能实现光子频率带隙和局域缺陷模以及许多光电技术方面的应用， john则讨论了在无序光子晶体中电磁波的强烈局域现象，并预言在光子晶体中存在许多有趣的量子光学现象，诸如光子局域态、自发辐射的非指数衰减。
