Based on the dynamic frame of mm5 and reisner 2 explicit cloud scheme , a new double - moment microphysical scheme was developed , in which both the mixing ratios and number concentrations of cloud water , rain water , cloud ice , snow and graupel were predicted 从本质上说，该方案预报的仅仅是粒子的比含水量。在mm5动力框架内，在其中的reisner2方案基础上采用双变参数方案，增加了云水、雨水、雪和霰的数浓度预报方程。
The hydrometeors distribution in mcc illustrat that the precipitable ice is dominant which fills in the cloud cluster in almost entire troposphere with maximum cores at the mid - levels . rain water and cloud liquid water are in the middle and lower troposphere , and cloud ice water only scatters at the 8 - 18km upper levels 水凝物垂直分布显示， mcc中可降水冰含量最大，分布在几乎整个对流层，雨水和云水主要分布在的对流层中、低层，而云冰则分布于高层大气中。
It was well known that the main process of precipitation formation was collecting cloud water in the warm area and ice phase particles melting in the cold area . positive vertical velocity existed between 700hpa and 500hpa in the warm area and near surface in the cold area . wind convergence existed at the height of 700hpa , and divergence existed above and below the height of 700hpa 通过对降水云系的综合研究，建立了河南省春季层状云降水概念模型：暖区降水主要通过云水碰并形成，冷区降水机制以冰粒子融化等冷云过程为主;暖区700一50ohpa通常有上升气流，冷区上升气流分布在近地面附近: 700冲a存在风场的辐合，其上下则主要是辐散区;水汽主要集中在7o0hpa高度上，暖区水汽来自南、东南方向，冷区水汽以西南输送为主;暖区位势不稳定分布在o 。
The simulative cloud image , made from the mixing ratios of cloud liquid water , rain water , ice crystal , snow , graupel which were outputted by the mesoscale model mm5 , resemble the gms satellite infrared image very well and also show the cloud evolution of typhoon winnie from tropical cyclone to extratropical cyclone after landing 利用高分辨率中尺度数值模式输出的大气中云水冰水雨水雪水成功地模拟出1997年登陆台风winnie的云系结构。模拟云图与气象卫星实际观测的台风云图非常相似。由于模拟云图可以给出大气中不同形态水物质的三维空间分布，弥补了卫星只能观测云顶表面的不足。
The width of raindrop size distribution in the warm area was narrow and its shape was single model . simulating results of one - dimension stratus model showed that the content of cloud water that grew up by deposition process was the largest in the warm area , and cloud water existed between 2km and 6km . in the warm area , the formation of rain water which existed between 1km and 4km was behind of the formation of cloud water , and the development of rainwater was depend on collecting cloud water 一维层状云模式模拟结果表明，暖区以凝华增长的云水为主，云水分布在2 6km高度；雨水在云水形成后产生，分布在1 4km之间，主要通过碰并云水增长；霰在雨水形成后产生，主要通过碰并云水增长，分布在云水区的中下层，霰形成后，雨水主要由霰融化产生。
Rainfall is started mainly in cold portions . microphysics for ground rainfall consists of low - level warm portions in which precipitating particles are produced , growing through collision with cloud water and when descending into the warm portions below , ice - phase particles melt and continue to grow by collecting cloud water there . 4 ) 降水主要以冷雨过程发动，地面降水形成的微物理过程分别为低层暖云过程产生并通过碰并云水增长、降落到暖区的冰相粒子融化和融化的冰相粒子在云的暖区收集云水继续长大等三部分组成。
The influence of the cloud droplet spectrum character and the spectrum growth and change is considered , which does not use a cut - off value for conversion from cloud water into rain water process . in the continuous coalescence equation , the particles fall velocity difference is not moved out from the integral , but is integrated in the equation as the function of diameter d to avoid the error of using particles average fall velocity . in the new scheme , generation rate of graupel due to the collection of snow by graupel and the collection of cloud ice by graupel are included 云中凝结核ccn的数浓度采用超几何函数表示；云水向雨水的自动转换过程采用grabowski ( 1999 )的公式，考虑了云滴谱的特征和发展变化对该过程的影响，而不是采用原方案给定阈值的方法描述该过程；对连续碰并方程不再将粒子落速差作为常量提出积分号外，而是直接作为粒子直径函数在积分号内求解，这样处理可以回避使用粒子群的平均落速带来的误差；增加了霰和雪、霰和冰晶的碰并微物理过程。
A complex mixed - phase explicit microphysical parameterization scheme , which also be known as reisner 2 explicit scheme was developed for use in the ncar / penn state mesoscale model versions ( mm5 ) . the single - moment schemes has additional variables for graupel and ice number concentration , in which the mixing ratio of cloud water , rain water , cloud ice , snow and graupel are predicted and number concentration specified Mm5中的reisner2方案是一种含霰的复杂混合相显式云物理方案，该方案包含了云水、雨水、冰晶、雪和霰的混合比预报方程，同时对冰晶的数浓度作了预报。
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Rain water is produced mainly by three processes : melting of graupel , collection of cloud water by rain , and conversion of cloud water into rain . cloud water is the most important source of graupel . for snow , collection of ice by snow , collection of rain by ice and depositional growth of snow are the main sources 雨水主要来源于冰相粒子的融化、雨水和云水碰并以及云水自动转换；冰相粒子与云水、雨水的碰冻是产生霰的主要微物理因子；与冰晶的碰并、冰相粒子和雨水的碰冻以及水汽凝华过程是产生雪的主要源项。
