w and z boson造句

• The Weinberg Salam theory predicts that, at lower energies, this symmetry is broken so that the photon and the massive W and Z bosons emerge.
• And I am pretty certain that the gauge bosons other than the W and Z bosons have no volume ( just as they have no mass ).
• As for the W and Z bosons, if I'm understanding the article correctly, the W bosons interact electromagnetically but the Z doesn't.
• The Standard Model ( SM ) predicted the existence of the W and Z bosons, gluon, and the top and charm quarks before these particles were observed.
• The electromagnetic interaction was modelled with the weak interaction, whose force carriers are W and Z bosons, traversing the minuscule distance, in electroweak theory ( EWT ).
• The 1984 Nobel Prize for Physics was awarded to Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer for the developments that resulted in the discoveries of the W and Z bosons.
• However, some particles ( the W and Z bosons ) would then be predicted to be massless, when, in reality, they are observed to have mass.
• In the 1960s, he proposed that broken symmetry in electroweak theory could explain the origin of mass of elementary particles in general and of the W and Z bosons in particular.
• The discovery of the W and Z bosons was considered a major success for CERN . First, in 1973, came the observation of neutral current interactions as predicted by electroweak theory.
• By increasing the particle density to close to the required energy, this technique improved the beam quality and, inter alia, brought the discovery of W and Z bosons within reach.
• At a critical temperature, the Higgs field becomes condensation, and the W and Z bosons acquire masses . ( This also known as electroweak symmetry breaking; " EWSB " .)
• Additionally, we know experimentally that the W and Z bosons are massive, but a boson mass term contains the combination e . g ., which clearly depends on the choice of gauge.
• Then I arrived at the W and Z bosons and, of course, eliminated their presence in microdimensional space simply through thinking that their volume is probably too large to interact with such geometry.
• Electron-positron annihilation article says that W and Z bosons have been produced by banging just electrons and positrons together with enough energy . talk ) 09 : 05, 27 June 2008 ( UTC)
• Such particles include leptons ( electron, muon, tau and their neutrinos ) and gauge bosons ( photon, W and Z bosons, gluons, and the Higgs boson ); or the hypothetical graviton.
• However, at close range protons and kaons will also interact via the nuclear force ( residual strong force, mediated by light mesons ) as well as the weak force ( W and Z bosons ).
• Due to their large mass ( approximately 90 GeV / c 2 ) these carrier particles, termed the W and Z bosons, are short-lived with a lifetime of under 10  " 24 seconds.
• The Higgs mechanism, which includes the Higgs boson, gives mass to elementary particles, leading to differences between the weak force and electromagnetism by giving the W and Z bosons mass while leaving the photon massless.
• The annex to the exhibition contains other historical artifacts such as the central tracker from the UA1 detector, which ran at the Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN from 1981 to 1984, and helped discover the W and Z bosons.
• In the Standard Model, vector ( spin-1 ) bosons ( gluons, photons, and the W and Z bosons ) mediate forces, whereas the Higgs boson ( spin-0 ) is responsible for the intrinsic mass of particles.